ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence (AI) deals with development of algorithms that seek to perceive one’s environment and perform actions that maximize one’s chance of successfully reaching one’s predetermined goals. OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of the basic principles of AI and its main studies in the fields of glaucoma, retinopathy of prematurity, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. From this perspective, the limitations and potential challenges that have accompanied the implementation and development of this new technology within ophthalmology are presented. DESIGN AND SETTING: Narrative review developed by a research group at the Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: We searched the literature on the main applications of AI within ophthalmology, using the keywords “artificial intelligence”, “diabetic retinopathy”, “macular degeneration age-related”, “glaucoma” and “retinopathy of prematurity,” covering the period from January 1, 2007, to May 3, 2021. We used the MEDLINE database (via PubMed) and the LILACS database (via Virtual Health Library) to identify relevant articles. RESULTS: We retrieved 457 references, of which 47 were considered eligible for intensive review and critical analysis. CONCLUSION: Use of technology, as embodied in AI algorithms, is a way of providing an increasingly accurate service and enhancing scientific research. This forms a source of complement and innovation in relation to the daily skills of ophthalmologists. Thus, AI adds technology to human expertise.

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the most common ophthalmologic disorders in pregnant women seen in a hospital in Munich in Germany using a big data analysis system, as well as to compare the results obtained with those from other epidemiological studies that used different data acquisition methods. Methods We retrospectively analyzed electronic health records of pregnant women who were seen at the ophthalmology department from 2003 to 2019 at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München hospital. The main complaints that led to ophthalmic consultations during this period were evaluated, and also the variation in intraocular pressure of patients throughout gestational trimesters by analyzing data from the data warehouse system. Results A total of 27,326 electronic health records were analyzed. Of participants, 149 (0.54%) required eye care during pregnancy. Their mean intraocular pressure was 17mmHg in the first trimester, 12mmHg in the second trimester, and 14mmHg in the third trimester. The most prevalent findings were dry eye (29.3%) and conjunctivitis (16%), and ametropia (16%). The most common posterior segment problem was diabetic retinopathy (4.6%). The lower mean intraocular pressure in the second and third trimester found in our study is in accordance with other studies that used other method for data acquisition. Conclusion The most common ophthalmic conditions found in this study population were dry eye, conjunctivitis, and ametropia. The use of data warehouse proved to be useful for acquiring and analyzing data from many patients. This study results are comparable with other studies in published literature that adopted different methodology.

Resumo Este trabalho realizou uma apresentação, pela aplicação de um Minicurso, do método de estudo de casos de Harvard como promotor de uma aprendizagem ativa pela aplicação e análise de casos baseados em eventos reais a futuros professores química e outros graduandos da UFCG. Também investigou a viabilidade de utilização dos mapas conceituais e do Facebook como ferramentas de apoio didático ao ensino por meio de casos, mediado pela sala de aula invertida. A temática abordada no caso, estruturado para este estudo, se relacionou ao contexto regional dos próprios discentes. Tanto os Mapas Conceituais como o Facebook apresentaram resultados condizentes com o esperado de suas aplicações.

Abstract This paper presented a mini-course of the Harvard case study method as a promoter of active learning by applying and analyzing cases based on real events to future chemistry professors and other undergraduates of UFCG. It also investigated the feasibility of using conceptual maps and Facebook as tools of didactic support to teaching through cases, mediated by the inverted classroom. The theme addressed in the case, structured for this study, was related to the regional context of the students themselves. Both Conceptual Maps and Facebook presented results consistent with the expected of their applications.

Resumo: Partindo das ideias de Bakhtin e inserindo-as no quadro mais amplo dos estudos discursivos, este trabalho analisa os elementos dos gêneros de discurso encontrado em textos de livros didáticos de química. Foram analisados 12 livros de química, destinados a estudantes da 1.a série do ensino médio, de escolas públicas e particulares. Três livros foram recomendados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) 2012 e escolhidos por um número expressivo de professores da rede pública. O conteúdo objeto do estudo foi: ligações químicas. Foi possível identificar recapitulações, chamadas e metáforas (elementos do gênero didático); descrição, classificação, explicação e definição (elementos do gênero científico). O elemento contextualização foi pouco descrito nos livros analisadas. O uso de metáforas foi predominante no livro H.

Abstract: Using the ideas of Bakhtin and inserting them in the broader frame of discursive studies, this paper analyzes the elements of discursive genres found in chemistry textbooks texts. Chemistry twelve books were analyzed, aimed at students of the first high school series of public and private schools. Three books have been recommended by the National Textbook Program ‒ PNLD/2012 and chosen by a large number of public school teachers. The object of the study was content Chemical Bonds. It was possible to identify recaps, calls and metaphors (the didactic genre elements); description, classification, explanation and definition (the scientific genre elements). The context element was just described in the analyzed books. The use of metaphor was predominant in the book H.